The design and analysis of combinational and synchronous sequential systems comprising digital logic gates and flip-flop memory devices; underlying tools such as switching and Boolean algebras and Karnaugh map simplification of gate networks; design and use of decoders, multiplexers, encoders, adders, registers, counters, sequence recognizers, programmable logic arrays (PLAs), read-only memories (ROMS, PROMS), and similar devices. Arbitrary radix conversion.