The twentieth century was the "Soviet Century," or a twentieth century defined by the Soviet Union's birth, growth and demise. Beginning with this premise, the course starts with the revolutionary seeds of Soviet rule, the Russian empire and the revolution of 1905, and concludes with an examination of the former Soviet space in the aftermath of the Soviet collapse in 1991. Key topics include: 1) The origins, timing and intent of state-sponsored violence and terror 2) Agricultural and industrial modernization and 3) The Soviet Union as a new type of multi-ethnic state or empire. The last theme will get particular emphasis, and the course seeks to dismantle the long-standing notion that "Russian" and "Soviet" are the same thing. Instead, it emphasizes the Soviet Union as a multi-ethnic, multi-confessional society, one in which Russians interacted with myriad other ethnic groups, including Ukrainians, Kazakhs, Tatars, Armenians, Lithuanians, Tatars and others.